Interventional hemostatic materials: innovations in bleeding control, coagulation modulation, and vascular healing

Interventional hemostasis is essential for managing bleeding complications during minimally invasive cardiovascular procedures, yet challenges such as rapid hemostatic response, biocompatibility, and its integration with vascular repair remain unresolved. This review highlights recent advances in interventional hemostatic materials with a focus on rapid bleeding control, coagulation modulation, and vascular restoration. We firstly discuss the clinical challenges and material requirements in interventional hemostasis, emphasizing the need for site-specific targeting, rapid responsiveness, and endothelial compatibility. Next, we summarize the state-of-the-art biomaterials engineered for rapid bleeding control, with insights into their performance under dynamic blood flow. We then discuss coagulation-modulating materials designed through biomimetic synergy and functional compensation strategies, focusing on how hemostatic materials and stimulus-responsive platforms balance localized procoagulant efficacy with systemic safety. Furthermore, vascular restoration materials are introduced as multifunctional platforms that simultaneously promote hemostasis, support endothelial repair, and facilitate long-term tissue remodeling. Finally, we provide an outlook on emerging opportunities in device-material integration, data-driven and computational design, highlighting how the next-generation hemostatic materials can be optimized for translational potential and scalable manufacturing, ultimately enabling safer and more efficient interventional bleeding management strategies.