Advancements in the Stability and Efficiency of Perovskite Solar Cells (PSCs): A Comprehensive Review

Abstract Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have emerged as a promising photovoltaic technology due to their tunable optoelectronic properties, low manufacturing costs, and high‐power conversion efficiencies. This review systematically examines the key factors affecting PSCs' performance, stability, and commercialization potential. It begins with an overview of the basic principles, structure, and operation of PSCs, followed by a discussion of degradation mechanisms caused by oxygen, moisture, heat, and light exposure. Strategies such as encapsulation, barrier layers, and thermal protection are evaluated. Material and Composition engineering, such as mixed‐cation and mixed halide formulation, interface engineering, and hybrid organic‐inorganic perovskites, which significantly enhance efficiency and long‐term stability. Recent advances in tandem architectures, passivation techniques, doping approaches, light management, and charge transport layers are also reviewed. Real‐world reliability is assessed through stability testing—including outdoor and damp‐heating experiments—and comparisons with established solar technologies. Finally, cost analyses, scalability considerations, and market adoption trends are discussed to provide a future‐looking perspective on the role of PSCs in the global energy landscape.