Fluorinated carboxylate ester-based electrolyte for lithium ion batteries operated at low temperature

A well-formulated electrolyte is proposed based on a fluorinated carboxylate ester solvent, which shows a wide electrochemical window (0-4.73 V, vs. Li+/Li), low solvation energy (10.05 kJ mol-1) and ability to maintain a liquid state at temperatures as low as -120 °C. This electrolyte produced batteries with superior electrochemical performance at low temperatures relative to carbonate-based electrolytes.