Nanocellulose: A Comprehensive Review of Structure, Pretreatment, Extraction, and Chemical Modification

Nanocellulose is a robust material with a broad spectrum of potential applications. Manufacturing nanocellulose has garnered greater interest recently and is currently the European economy's second-highest priority. It is possible to extract from plants' biomass using various methods, which are divided broadly into various categories. The kind of biomass, the desired qualities of the nanocellulose, and the production size all have a role in selecting the pretreatment and extraction process. Several pretreatment and extraction techniques for nanocellulose from plant biomass are covered in this review, along with the variables that affect method selection. Developing scalable, effective production processes for nanocellulose is crucial for commercializing technologies. The current processes to create nanocellulose are still somewhat inefficient, and industrial scale-up is challenging. Future studies are likely to focus on efficient, scalable techniques for reducing down cell walls from plants and lower-cost nanocellulose synthesis using clean energy sources.