Accelerated proton resonance frequency‐based magnetic resonance thermometry by optimized deep learning method

Abstract Background Proton resonance frequency (PRF)—based magnetic resonance (MR) thermometry plays a critical role in thermal ablation therapies through focused ultrasound (FUS). For clinical applications, accurate and rapid temperature feedback is essential to ensure both the safety and effectiveness of these treatments. Purpose This work aims to improve temporal resolution in dynamic MR temperature map reconstructions using an enhanced deep‐learning method, thereby supporting the real‐time monitoring required for effective FUS treatments. Methods Five classical neural network architectures‐cascade net, complex‐valued U‐Net, shift window transformer for MRI, real‐valued U‐Net, and U‐Net with residual blocks‐along with training‐optimized methods were applied to reconstruct temperature maps from 2‐fold and 4‐fold undersampled k‐space data. The training enhancements included pre‐training/training‐phase data augmentations, knowledge distillation, and a novel amplitude‐phase decoupling loss function. Phantom and ex vivo tissue heating experiments were conducted using a FUS transducer. Ground truth was the complex MR images with accurate temperature changes, and datasets were manually undersampled to simulate such acceleration here. Separate testing datasets were used to evaluate real‐time performance and temperature accuracy. Furthermore, our proposed deep learning‐based rapid reconstruction approach was validated on a clinical dataset obtained from patients with uterine fibroids, demonstrating its clinical applicability. Results Acceleration factors of 1.9 and 3.7 were achieved for 2× and 4× k‐space under samplings, respectively. The deep learning‐based reconstruction using ResUNet incorporating the four optimizations, showed superior performance. For 2‐fold acceleration, the RMSE of temperature map patches were 0.89°C and 1.15°C for the phantom and ex vivo testing datasets, respectively. The DICE coefficient for the 43°C isotherm‐enclosed regions was 0.81, and the Bland–Altman analysis indicated a bias of −0.25°C with limits of agreement of ±2.16°C. In the 4‐fold under‐sampling case, these evaluation metrics showed approximately a 10% reduction in accuracy. Additionally, the DICE coefficient measuring the overlap between the reconstructed temperature maps (using the optimized ResUNet) and the ground truth, specifically in regions where the temperature exceeded the 43°C threshold, were 0.77 and 0.74 for the 2× and 4× under‐sampling scenarios, respectively. Conclusion This study demonstrates that deep learning‐based reconstruction significantly enhances the accuracy and efficiency of MR thermometry, particularly in the context of FUS‐based clinical treatments for uterine fibroids. This approach could also be extended to other applications such as essential tremor and prostate cancer treatments where MRI‐guided FUS plays a critical role.