Targeting α-synuclein aggregation with immunotherapy: a promising therapeutic approach for Parkinson’s disease

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a prevalent neurodegenerative disease (NDD) affecting millions of individuals. The pathogenesis of PD centers around α-synuclein (α-Syn), a pivotal protein whose aggregation significantly impacts disease progression. Although existing treatments mainly focus on managing motor symptoms by targeting the dopaminergic system, they frequently overlook other non-motor symptoms. The intricate nature of PD pathogenesis contributes to challenges in disease analysis and has hindered the development of effective PD treatments. In recent years, various novel therapies utilizing immunotherapy methods have exhibited promise in preclinical animal models. In NDDs, immunotherapy aims to counteract the detrimental effects of protein accumulation by neutralizing toxic species and aiding their elimination. Numerous active therapy (AI) and passive immunotherapy (PI) strategies have been devised for PD and related synucleinopathies, many of which are currently undergoing clinical trials. Despite demonstrating remarkable success in animal models, immunotherapies encountered substantial setbacks during the late stages of clinical trials, with the exception of lecanemab, which targets amyloid-β (Aβ) in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and has recently received approval from the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). The lack of translation from experimental investigations to successful clinical outcomes, particularly in terms of cognitive and functional evaluations, highlights the limitations of relying solely on animal studies to comprehend the effects of immunotherapeutic approaches. This comprehensive review focuses on α-Syn-based immunotherapies and delves into their underlying mechanisms of action. Furthermore, Furthermore, the article discusses recent advancements and future prospects concerning the potential of immunotherapeutic strategies for PD. The focus is on highlighting the latest research in this domain to illuminate the challenges and opportunities related to the development of efficacious immunotherapies for individuals with PD.