Management of Endometrial Intraepithelial Neoplasia or Atypical Endometrial Hyperplasia

Summary Endometrial intraepithelial neoplasia (EIN) or atypical endometrial hyperplasia (AEH) often is a precursor lesion to adenocarcinoma of the endometrium. Hysterectomy is the definitive treatment for EIN–AEH. When a conservative (fertility-sparing) approach to the management of EIN–AEH is under consideration, it is important to attempt to exclude the presence of endometrial cancer to avoid potential undertreatment of an unknown malignancy in those who have been already diagnosed with EIN–AEH. Given the high risk of progression to cancer, those who do not have surgery require progestin therapy (oral, intrauterine, or combined) and close surveillance. Although data are conflicting and limited, studies have demonstrated that treatment with the levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine device results in a higher regression rate when compared with treatment with oral progestins alone. Limited data suggest that cyclic progestational agents have lower regression rates when compared with continuous oral therapy. After initial conservative treatment for EIN–AEH, early detection of disease persistence, progression, or recurrence requires careful follow-up. Gynecologists and other clinicians should counsel patients that lifestyle modification resulting in weight loss and glycemic control can improve overall health and may decrease the risk of EIN–AEH and endometrial cancer.