Bio-derived smart nanostructures for efficient biosensors

Current public health emergencies have raised the demand for efficient biosensors developed for prompt diagnosis, disease monitoring, and averting associated morbidities including deaths. The colossal scale utilization of biosensors raises the urgent requirement for biosensor-associated waste management. Such management resides in optimizing sensing unit components and architecture with green components. However, little attention is being paid to tackling this serious issue. In this direction, the present article highlights state-of-the-art green biosensors based on bioderived nanostructures (NS) used of architecting their sensing layer, electrodes, circuitry, and substrates. The utilization of bioderived-NS (like nano-clay and zeolites), bio waste, green-NS (synthesized using plant, microbe, and biomes), and green solvents has been introduced for biosensor fabrication. The utilization of bioderived smart NS-assisted biocompatible, non-contaminating, decomposable, recyclable, reusable, repurpose, economic, and renewable features, supporting sustainable, circular, and green economy without injuring planetary health. Besides associated generic and specific challenges, alternate solutions and smart prospects are explored.