Applying the Alkali-Activation Method to Encapsulate Silicon Nitride Particles in a Bioactive Matrix for Augmented Strength and Bioactivity

The development of bioactive ceramics still poses challenges in finding a good compromise between bioactivity and mechanical robustness. Moreover, a facile, low-cost and energy-saving synthesis technique is still needed. This study concerns the synthesis of a bioactive material by growing a bioactive Na-Ca-Mg-Si-based ceramic matrix produced using the alkali-activation method on silicon nitride (Si₃N₄) particles. This technique simultaneously forms the matrix precursor and functionalizes the Si₃N₄ particles' surface. The optimal strength-bioactivity compromise was found for the composition containing 60 wt.% Si₃N₄ and 40 wt.% of the matrix exhibiting good compressive strength of up to 110 MPa and extensive precipitation of hydroxyapatite on the sample surface after 7 days of soaking in simulated body fluid. This innovative approach merging strong non-oxide binary ceramics with the versatile and low-cost alkali-activation method holds great expectations for the future in biomaterials.