SIGNALING PATHWAYS IN IMMUNOTHERAPY

Immunotherapy is a current technique that is being widely used for cancer patients. Despite the fact that recently implemented cancer immunotherapies have a significant clinical impact, only a similar set of patients respond clinically. Thus, we assessed immunological and oncogenic pathways through which genetic aberrations in cancer cells benefit immune evasion by focusing on the resistance that is intrinsic to immunotherapies. The continuous activation of diverse signaling pathways (e.g. MAPK, Wnt, the cell cycle, etc.) in cancer cells has been found to be able to target multiple immunosuppressive pathways via the production of immunosuppressive cytokines such as IL-10, IL-6, and by causing the immunosuppressive immune cells to include regulatory T cells, dendritic cells, and myeloidderived suppressor cells. In summary, understanding immune evasion mechanisms mediated by tumorintrinsic pathways may help identify novel therapeutic targets to expand the efficacy of cancer immunotherapies.