Unraveling the multidimensional association of covert bullying, abandonment, and adolescent depression: A critical review and conceptual framework

This critical review examines the complex relationships between covert bullying, feelings of abandonment, and adolescent depression through an integrative analysis of contemporary literature. By synthesizing evidence from empirical studies published between 2000 and 2024, we develop a comprehensive conceptual framework that elucidates the multidimensional pathways linking these phenomena. The review reveals that covert bullying-characterized by social exclusion, rumor spreading, and manipulative behaviors-significantly predicts depressive symptoms in adolescents through both direct and indirect pathways. Feelings of abandonment, whether from parental, peer, or societal sources, emerge as both independent risk factors and mediating variables in this relationship. Our proposed integrated model demonstrates bidirectional associations among these factors, moderated by cultural context, individual resilience, and social support systems. The evidence indicates that covert bullying and abandonment experiences interact synergistically, creating vulnerability cascades that exceed additive risk models. We identify critical gaps in longitudinal research, particularly regarding developmental trajectories and cultural variations. The review synthesizes intervention evidence, highlighting promising approaches including cognitive-behavioral strategies, school-wide positive behavior support, and digital literacy initiatives. This critical analysis advances theoretical understanding by proposing a multidimensional framework and provides evidence-based recommendations for clinicians, educators, and policymakers addressing adolescent mental health.