Efficacy of intranasal delivery of VEGFR inhibitors to cervical lymph nodes for inhibiting tongue cancer metastasis in mice

< .05). CDNB exhibited superior and more consistent efficacy. The reduced effect of PPNB may reflect its lower dose - limited by solubility - and possible differences in target specificity. These findings highlight the potential of i.n. administration to deliver VEGFR-3 inhibitors to CLNs, suppress lymphangiogenesis and lymphatic metastasis, and reduce systemic toxicity. This approach may offer a non-invasive alternative to neck dissection in oral cancer.