Integrated Advanced Ozonation Technologies for Enhanced Total Organic Carbon Removal from Secondary Treated Municipal Wastewater: Systematic Optimization and Environmental Analysis

Integrated Advanced Ozonation Technologies for Enhanced Total Organic Carbon Removal from Secondary Treated Municipal Wastewater: Systematic Optimization and Environmental Analysis carbon (AC) for TOC removal from secondary-treated effluent. A predictive model optimised the process parameters, achieving a maximum TOC removal efficiency of 65.95% at an O3 flow rate of 3.17 L/min, H2O2 dosage of 12.98 mM, UV exposure duration of 62.04 min, and AC dosage of 10.10 mg/L. In contrast, the lowest TOC removal of 39.55% ± 2.15% occurred under sub-optimal conditions, with an O3 flow rate of 3 L/min, H2O2 dosage of 10 mM, UV exposure for 20 min, and 1 mg/L of AC. The economic and environmental analyses revealed the integrated process to be more cost-effective and sustainable compared to conventional single-step treatments. These findings highlight the potential of integrated advanced ozonation technologies for effective TOC removal, providing a pathway for enhanced wastewater treatment practices and improved environmental sustainability. Graphical Abstract