Medical Problems of Chronic Hypoxia in Highlanders Living on the Tibetan Plateau

26:308-317, 2025.-Health issues at high altitudes arise due to the lower atmospheric pressure and subsequent reduction in the partial pressure of oxygen in ambient air. While much research has been published on health problems of lowlanders who move to high altitudes, less is known about the medical challenges faced by long-term and permanent high-altitude residents, especially in the Qinghai-Tibetan plateau. In this review, we briefly summarized the chronic hypoxia-related health issues in highlanders, focusing on the specific population of the Qinghai-Tibetan plateau. It deals with important health problems for highlanders, including the main disease categories, from chronic mountain sicknesses and pulmonary hypertension (PH) to kidney, neurocognitive impairments, perinatal problems, and congenital heart defect. However, the most hallmark of disorders is excessive erythrocytosis associated with specific symptoms and signs, and high-altitude heart disease is characterized by excessive PH, right ventricular hypertrophy, and right heart failure. We also provide information on potential treatment strategies, including some traditional Tibetan medical practices and also a combination of Western medicine and traditional Chinese medicine to prevent and treat these conditions effectively. This mini-review is heavily based on a couple of decades of research carried out by Chinese high-altitude medical research groups at the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. We believe that this review will provide valuable perspective to researchers whose study interest and base lie in high altitude.