Construction of S‐Scheme Heterojunction by TiO 2 / rGO Assembled With g‐ C 3 N 4 for Efficient Visible‐Light‐Driven Antibacterial Activity of Bone Scaffold

ABSTRACT The low photogenerated charge carriers and quick complex annihilation of titanium dioxide (TiO 2 )/rGO composite leading to an unsatisfactory photocatalysis antibacterial effect limit its application in the bone scaffold. Herein, graphitic carbon nitride (g‐C 3 N 4 ) was assembled with TiO 2 /rGO via a solvothermal method for enhancing the photocatalysis antibacterial properties of poly (lactic acid) (PLLA) bone scaffold prepared via selective laser sintering. The results revealed that g‐C 3 N 4 expanded the light absorption range of TiO 2 /rGO from blue‐violet light to visible light, resulting in the composites having a narrower band gap and producing more photoinduced charge carriers. More importantly, an S‐scheme heterojunction was formed between g‐C 3 N 4 and TiO 2 , which promoted the recombination of the electrons in the conduction band of TiO 2 and the holes in the valence band of g‐C 3 N 4 . Meanwhile, rGO with excellent electrical conductivity reduced the interfacial charge transfer resistance and enhanced charge transfer efficiency, thus further avoiding the recombination rate of electrons and holes, whether TiO 2 or g‐C 3 N 4 , and enhancing the photocatalytic properties. Consequently, the holes in the valence band of TiO 2 and the electrons in the conduction band of g‐C 3 N 4 possessed high oxidation and reduction capacity, which oxidized H 2 O and reduced O 2 in the microenvironment, respectively, and generated lots of reactive oxygen species. In vitro antibacterial experiments indicated that the PLLA/TiO 2 /g‐C 3 N 4 /rGO scaffold showed a better antibacterial effect, with the bacteriostasis rates of E. coli and S. aureus being 99.1% and 98.9%, respectively. In addition, cell adhesion and fluorescence results indicated that the scaffold had good biocompatibility and could provide a suitable microenvironment for the growth and proliferation of cells.