Effect of music therapy on cognitive function among older adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

Abstract Background and Objective As individuals age, their cognitive function gradually declines. However, maintaining good cognitive function is essential for successful ageing. Music therapy may improve cognitive function or delay cognitive decline among older adults. However, the efficacy of music therapy for improving cognition remains unclear. This review aimed to evaluate the effects of music therapy on cognitive function (global cognition, memory, or executive function) among older adults. Research Design and Methods Nine electronic databases were comprehensively searched from inception to 3 November 2023 to identify randomized controlled trials examining the effects of music therapy on cognitive function among older adults. The revised Cochrane Risk of Bias in Randomized Trials tool (ROB 2) was used to assess the risk of bias, and Stata 17.0 software was used to conduct the meta-analysis. Standard mean differences (SMDs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were used to evaluate the effects of music therapy on cognitive function. Results Thirty-three eligible articles involving 3,058 participants were included. The results revealed that music therapy significantly improved global cognition (SMD = 0.40, 95% CI: 0.28~0.52, p < 0.05, I2 =38%), memory (SMD = 0.25, 95% CI: 0.13~0.37, p < 0.05, I2 =16%), and executive function (SMD = 0.37, 95% CI: 0.25~0.48, p < 0.05, I2 =26%) among older adults. Discussion and Implicatons This systematic review and meta-analysis verified the positive effects of music therapy on cognitive function in older adults. More research is needed to determine the best form and timing of interventions for different populations.