Migration of Fallout Radionuclides and Soil Erosion of Hongsongwa Mountainous in China

To study the effect of soil erosion on the distribution and migration pattern of radionuclides, the levels of 239+240Pu and 137Cs in alpine meadow soil were measured in the Hongsongwa Nature Reserve, Hebei Province. The measured activities of 239+240Pu and 137Cs in surface soil ranged from 0.028 to 2.781 Bq/kg and from 1.3 to 59.8 Bq/kg, respectively. The distribution of 137Cs and 239+240Pu is uneven and significantly correlated with the organic matter content and altitude variations within the study area. Core samples were collected from both ridge and valley locations to assess erosion rates, revealing that ridge areas experienced approximately 2.5 times higher erosion rates (18.0 t ha–l a –1) compared to valleys (7.3 t ha–l a –1). The vertical migration behavior of 239+240Pu and 137Cs was quantitatively described by a convection-diffusion equation model. Results indicated that core samples taken from the ridge displayed significantly higher apparent diffusion coefficients (DCs = 4.57 cm2/y; DPu = 2.42 cm2/y) as well as apparent convection coefficient (νCs = 0.31 cm/y; νPu = 0.43 cm/y), which were approximately 10 and 2 times those observed in reference sample (DCs = 0.33 cm2/y; DPu = 0.32 cm2/y; νCs = 0.16 cm/y; νPu = 0.17 cm/y), respectively. The migration rate of 239+240Pu is accelerated by 39% compared to that of 137Cs due to soil erosion. The diffusion and convection rates of both isotopes in the valley sample are similar to those in the reference sample. In general, soil erosion significantly affects the horizontal and vertical migration of 239+240Pu and 137Cs.