Hemodynamic Monitoring Using Echocardiography in the Critically Ill

Overview -- Part 1: Principles of ultrasounds and principal views: -- Transthoracic echocardiography: normal two-dimensional and Doppler imaging.-Transesophageal echocardiography: normal two dimensional imaging -- Part 2: Hemodynamic assessment: -- Heart lung interactions in mechanical ventilation -- Measurement of cardiac output.-Assessment of fluid requirements : Fluid-responsiveness: dynamic approach.-Assessment of fluid requirements : The fluid challenge -- Evaluation of left ventricular systolic function.-Hemodynamic evaluation in the patient with arrhythmias -- Part 3: Diagnosis and management of circulatory failure: -- Diagnosing the mechanism of circulatory failure.-Septic shock.-Cardiogenic shock.-Right ventricular failure.-Cardiac tamponade.-Echocardiography in extracorporeal life support -- Part 4: Diagnosis and management of acute respiratory failure: Pulmonary edema.-Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) -- Part 5: Specific situations: Thoracic trauma.-Hemodynamic instability in cardiac surgical patients.-Acute aortic syndrome -- Part 6: Outlook: Learning and competence in critical care echocardiography.-Echocardiography alone or echocardiography coupled with other hemodynamic devices?-Future applications?