The Sodium-Hydrogen Exchanger: From Molecule to its Role in Disease

1: Regulation of Intracellular pH in Mammalian Cells. 1. Introduction. 2. Intracellular Compartmentalization Of pH. 3. Cytoplasmic pH. 4. Intracellular Buffers. 5. Measurement Of pHi During Acid-Base Loading. 6. Transport Systems That Regulate pHi. 2: Molecular and Functional Diversity of Mammalian Na+/H+ Exchangers. 1. Introduction. 2. Genetic Heterogeneity. 3. Conclusion. 3: Two Functional Regulatory Factors of Na+/H+ Exchangers: The Proton and aHP. 1. Introduction. 2. The Proton. 3. CHP. 4. Conclusion. 4: Regulation of Expression of the Na+/H+ Exchanger in the Myocardium and Other Tissues. 1. Introduction. 2. Na+/H+ Exchanger Expression Varies In Response To The Environment. 3. Transcriptional Regulation Of The Na+/H+ Exchanger Gene. 4. Conclusion. 5: Na-H Exchange Function in Colonic Epithelial Cells. 1. Introduction. 2. Apical Membrane NHEs. 3. Basolateral Membrane NHEs. 6: NhaA Na+/H+Antiporter. Structure, Mechanism and Function in Homestasis of Na+ and pH. 1. Introduction. 2. The Response to Na+ Occurs At The Transcription Level. 3. The Ecological Importance Of The Antiporters In The Enteric Bacteria Escherichia coli And Vibrio cholerae. 4. The NhaA Protein. 5. Relationship Between Function And Structure Of NhaA. 6. Dynamics Of NhaA. 7. Dynamics In 3D Of The pH Induced Conformational Changes Of NhaA. 8. Conclusion. 7: The Use of Transgenic Animal Models to Study Na+/H+ Exchange. 1. Introduction. 2. Transgenic Studies On The NHE1 Isoform Of The Na+/H+ Exchanger. 3. Transgenic Studies On The NHE2 And NHE3 Isoform Of Na+/H+ Exchanger. 4. Pitfalls In Transgenic Studies. 5. Conclusion. 8: pH-Regulatory Mechanisms in the Mammalian Oocyte and Early Embryo. 1. Introduction. 2. Oocyte And Embryo Development. 3. Expression Of Na+/H+ Exchanger (NHE) And Anion Exchanger (AE) Isoforms In Mammalian PI Embryos. 4. Activity Of pHi-Regulatory Mechanism In PI Embryos. 5. pHiRegulatory Mechanisms During Meiosis And Fertilization. 6. Conclusion. 9: Na+/H+ Exchanger Activation by Myocardial Stretch. 1. Introduction. 2. Mechanism Of Stretch-Induced Increase Of The NHE Activity. 3. Mechanical Counterpart Of Stretch-Induced Increase Of The NHE Activity. 10: The Paradoxical Role of Na+/H+ Exchanger in the Diabetic Heart. 1. Introduction. 2. Depressed Na+/H+ Exchanger (NHE) Activity In Insulin-Deficient (TYPE I) Diabetes And Associated Increased Resistance Of Diabetic Hearts To Ischemia And Reperfusion Injury. 3. NHE In Non-Insulin-Dependent (TYPE 2) Diabetes. 4. Conclusion. 11: Role of Na-H Exchanger in Vascular Remodelling in