Persulfate In-situ remediation of petroleum hydrocarbon contaminated soil

Persulfate In situ chemical oxidation( ISCO) is a common soil remediation technology that has been applied extensively to petroleum hydrocarbons aborad,but not in China. Persulfate is one of the strongest oxidants,and offers some advantages over other oxidants because it is relatively stable at ambient temperature with the ease of storage and usage. Upon activation,persulfate can produce the highly oxidative species,sulfate free radicals and hydroxyl radicals which can react with a variety of organic pollutants. Many studies have been conducted to investigate the efficiencies of activated persulfate for the oxidation of petroleum hydrocarbon. This paper provide a review on the activation of persulfate including thermal,base,transitional metal,organic compound,subsurface minerals,activated carbon and integrated oxidation. The latest for ISCO with persulfate are presented,with a focus on the reactions of persulfate with soil and contaminant,biogeochemistry after persulfate oxidation,and engineering application of persulfate. The last section is devoted to identifying its current environmental applications the directions of future research.