Research Advances in Zein-Based Nanoparticles: Fabrication, Structural Design, Characterization, and Functions

Zein, a maize-derived protein, is increasingly utilized in nanoparticle delivery systems due to its biocompatibility and biodegradability. This study aimed to review the latest progress in fabricating, structure designing, characterizing, and functions associated with nanoparticles based on zein. Key fabrication techniques and their impacts on the nanoparticle properties were examined. Different structural designs of zein nanoparticles, including composite, core-shell, and layer-by-layer assembled configurations, were highlighted. The roles exerted by these nanoparticles in delivering, protecting, and regulating the release of bioactive substances were also investigated. Fabrication methods influenced the nanoparticle size, morphology, and stability, which, in turn, affected the encapsulation and release efficiency of bioactive compounds. Additionally, various structural designs improved the stability of zein nanoparticles, controlled the release of bioactive compounds, and enabled the personalization of multiple bioactive compounds. These findings highlight the potential of zein-based nanoparticles as efficient carriers for functional compounds, offering enhanced stability, bioavailability, and targeted release.