In Situ Labeling of the Aqueous Compartment of Extracellular Vesicles with Luminescent Gold Nanoclusters

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are well-known membrane-limited particles secreted by both healthy and cancerous cells. They are considered as biomarkers for early cancer diagnosis and are involved in many pathologies and physiological pathways. They could serve as diagnostic tools in liquid biopsies, as therapeutics in regenerative medicine, or as drug delivery vehicles. Our aim is here to encapsulate luminescent nanoprobes in the aqueous compartment of human EVs extracted from reproductive fluids. The analysis and labeling of the EVs content with easily detectable luminescent nanoparticles could enable a powerful tool for early diagnosis of specific diseases and also for the design of new therapeutics. In this view, gold nanoclusters (AuNCs) appear as an attractive alternative as nontoxic fluorophore probes because of their luminescence properties, large window of fluorescence lifetimes (1 ns-1 μs), ultrasmall size (<2 nm), good biocompatibility, and specific ability as X-ray photosensitizers. Here, we investigated an attractive method that uses fusogenic liposomes to deliver gold nanoclusters into EVs. This approach guarantees the preservation of the EVs membrane without any breakage, thus maintaining compartmental integrity. Different lipid compositions of liposomes preloaded with AuNCs were selected to interact electrostatically with human EVs and compared in terms of fusion efficiency. The mixture of liposomes and EVs results in membrane mixing as demonstrated by FRET experiments and fusion revealed by flux cytometry and cryo-TEM. The resulting fused EVs exhibit typical fluorescence of the AuNCs together with an increased size in agreement with fusion. Moreover, the fusion events in mixtures of EVs and AuNCs preloaded liposomes were analyzed by using cryo-electron microscopy. Finally, the ratio of released AuNCs during the fusion between the fusogenic liposomes and the EVs was estimated to be less than 20 mol % by Au titration using ICP spectroscopy.