Rational Coordination Engineering of Fe–Co Dual-Atom Catalysts for Enhanced Oxygen Reduction Reaction via Synergistic Electronic Modulation

The development of efficient dual-atom catalysts (DACs) requires an atomic-level understanding on the microscopic coordination environment that is hard to characterize experimentally. Herein we rationally design DACs with diverse Fe–Co/N 3 O 3 configurations, among which the NN Fe OO Co NO-coordinated configuration is identified to exhibit superior stability and oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) catalytic activity based on first-principles calculations. Mechanistic analysis reveals that the ORR is triggered by side-on adsorption of O 2 on the Co site, enabled by strong hybridization between Co 3d xz/yz orbitals and O 2 π* antibonding states. The high-spin Fe 2+ acts as an electron reservoir by transferring charge to Co and lowering its d-band center. The Fe–Co synergy suppresses excessive *OH binding (Δ G 4 = +0.107 eV in Fe-free Co@NO 3 ) and positions the system to the ORR volcano apex. In summary, synergistic catalysis could be unlocked by rational coordination environmental design combined with spin-state-modulated charge redistribution.