Electrical Sympathetic Neuromodulation Protects Bone Marrow Niche and Drives Hematopoietic Regeneration during Chemotherapy

Abstract The sympathetic nervous system (SNS) of the bone marrow regulates the regeneration and mobilization of hematopoietic stem cells. Chemotherapy can damage bone marrow SNS, which impairs hematopoietic regeneration and aggravates hematologic toxicities. This leads to long‐term bone marrow niche damage and increases mortality in patients undergoing chemotherapy. Electrical neuromodulation has been used to improve functional recovery after peripheral nerve injury. This study demonstrates that electrical sympathetic neuromodulation (ESN) of bone marrow can protect the bone marrow niche from chemotherapy‐induced injury. Using carboplatin‐treated rats, the SNS via the sciatic nerve innervating the femoral marrow with the effective protocol for bone marrow sympathetic activation is electrically stimulated. ESN can mediate several hematopoietic stem cells maintenance factors and promote hematopoietic regeneration after chemotherapy. It also activates adrenergic signals and reduces the release of pro‐inflammatory cytokines, particularly interleukin‐1 β , which contribute to chemotherapy‐related nerve injury. Consequently, the severity of chemotherapy‐related leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, and mortality can be reduced by ESN. As a result, in contrast to current drug‐based treatment, such as granulocyte colony‐stimulating factor, ESN can be a disruptive adjuvant treatment by protecting and modulating bone marrow function to reduce hematologic toxicity during chemotherapy.