Microplastics and impaired male reproductive health—exploring biological pathways of harm: a narrative review

Current evidence suggests that microplastics may impair male reproductive health through mechanisms like oxidative stress, hormonal disruption, inflammation, and cellular damage. However, the lack of human studies highlights the urgent need for robust research to clarify their impact on human male infertility. Furthermore, this review underscores the necessity for continued research to elucidate molecular mechanisms, inform preventative strategies, and guide regulatory policies addressing microplastic pollution and its health implications.