Biogeography and Niche Evolution of Odorrana schmackeri Complex in Southern China

ABSTRACT Aim The Odorrana schmackeri complex (OSC), widely distributed across southern China, presents intriguing mysteries regarding its diversification dynamics. Resolving these evolutionary enigmas would establish a crucial foundation for understanding biogeographic evolution in this topographically complex region. Therefore, we integrated phylogenetic, demographic, and ecological niche analyses to elucidate the roles of ancient tectonism, Quaternary climatic fluctuations, and niche evolution in shaping its diversification and distribution. Location Southern China. Methods Using two mitochondrial and eight nuclear genes, we reconstructed phylogenetic relationships, estimated divergence times and assessed population dynamics. Ecological niche models (ENMs) were optimised via the ‘Kuenm’ package, and niche overlap, equivalency, and similarity were quantified using the ‘ecospat’ R package. Acestral niche and climatic tolerances reconstruction were used in the ‘phyloclim’ package. Results The OSC comprises nine species and originated from a mid‐Miocene ancestor (~12.55 Ma). Mitochondrial phylogeny resolved four deeply divergent clades, while nuclear gene phylogeny revealed incomplete lineage sorting (ILS) and historical gene flow (STRUCTURE, K = 7; JML, p > 0.05). Post‐last glacial maximum (LGM) expansions (~0.02 Ma) facilitated secondary contact in sympatric zones, where niche conservatism dominated between sister species. Ancestral niche reconstruction identified precipitation variables as key drivers of early divergence, while thermal tolerances evolved conservatively. The results indicated that Miocene uplift of the Qinghai‐Tibet Plateau (~12.55–8.70 Ma) promoted southward expansion, while Pliocene‐Pleistocene (~5.58–2.40 Ma) river reorganisations fragmented and later connected populations. Main Conclusions The OSC's diversification reflects the interplay between Miocene–Pliocene tectonism and Quaternary climatic cycles. While ancestral niche divergence along precipitation gradients initiated speciation, post‐LGM sympatry favoured conservatism in thermal microhabitats. Combining multilocus phylogenetics, demographic inference, and niche modelling resolves the rapid‐radiating models in the frog complex and highlights the dynamic roles of landscape features in shaping biogeographic patterns of them.