Hierarchical Intercalation of Spiro-Bipyrrolidinium Cation into Graphite Electrode from Propylene Carbonate

The intercalation of spiro-(1,1′)-bipyrrolidinium (SBP) cation into a graphite electrode from propylene carbonate (PC) is performed in graphite/activated carbon capacitors. The effect of the electrolyte salt concentration on the storage behavior of PC-solvated SBP+ cation in graphite electrode is investigated by electrochemical tests, in situ X-ray diffraction and electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance measurements.