Wound healing efficacy of biocompatible hydroxyapatite from bovine bone waste for bone tissue engineering application

Extraction of biocompatible implantable biomaterials from bio-waste is a considerable strategy to protect environmental issues as well as human wellness. Hence, this work aimed to extract the hydroxyapatite (HAP) from beef bone (BB) by acid/alkali treatment, and calcination process. The hydrochloric acid (1 M), and sodium hydroxide (1 M) extraction followed by calcination at 600 °C for 5 h were facilitated to obtain the good quality of bovine bone-derived hydroxyapatite (BB-HAP). The characteristics of BB-HAP were demonstrated through XRD, FTIR, SEM, ICP-OES, and TGA analysis. The characteristics features of BB-HAP were compared with standard hydroxyapatite (Std-HAP). The FTIR spectrum confirmed the presence of carbonate and phosphate functional groups in BB-HAP, which is similar to Std-HAP. Further, XRD and SEM analysis confirmed the hexagonal crystalline structure of BB-HAP with size of 120 ± 12.5 nm. ICP-OES analysis evidenced the existence of Ca (40.42%), P (18.51%), Mg (0.55%), Na (0.22%), and Sr (0.05%) in BB-HAP. In vitro cytotoxicity assay confirmed that BB-HAP did not cause cytotoxicity to NIH3T3 cells, and augmented in vitro wound-healing activity. Hence, this study concluded that BB-HAP was biocompatible that would be used for the development of wound dressing and implantable material.