RNA Splicing of the FGFR2 Gene Promotes Endothelial Cell Senescence and Atherosclerosis Development

BACKGROUND: Endothelial cell (EC) senescence is intimately linked to the development and progression of atherosclerosis. The FGFR2 (fibroblast growth factor receptor 2) signaling is crucial in regulating the phenotype of ECs. Recent studies have revealed that cell phenotype–specific alternative splicing of FGFR2 premRNA (precursor mRNA) results in the mutually exclusive inclusion of either exon IIIb or IIIc, leading to critical differences in receptor function. This study aimed to investigate the role of FGFR2 alternative splicing in EC senescence and atherosclerosis development, and to elucidate the underlying mechanisms. METHODS: Clinical samples and animal models were used to assess the association between FGFR2-IIIc isoform expression and EC senescence as well as atherosclerotic plaque formation. The mechanisms underlying FGFR2-IIIc–induced EC senescence were elucidated through a combination of in vivo and in vitro investigations. In addition, genetically engineered mice with endothelial-specific overexpression or knockdown of FGFR2-IIIc were utilized to investigate the impact of FGFR2-IIIc on vascular endothelial senescence and the progression of atherosclerosis. RESULTS: Elevated expression of the FGFR2-IIIc isoform was detected in clinical samples and animal models of aging and atherosclerosis, where it correlated with both EC senescence and atherosclerotic plaque formation. Mechanistically, the alternative splicing–mediated switch from FGFR2-IIIb to FGFR2-IIIc established an FGF2–FGFR2-IIIc autocrine feedback loop, which drove ECs toward a senescence-associated secretory phenotype via the PKC (protein kinase C) ε/STAT3 (signal transducer and activator of transcription) pathway. Senescence-inducing stimuli promoted the binding of the splicing factor hnRNP H1 (heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein H1) to exon IIIb of the FGFR2 gene, leading to skipping of this exon. Notably, EC-specific knockout of FGFR2-IIIc in ApoE −/− mice reduced plaque area, suppressed senescence-associated secretory phenotype gene expression, and attenuated cellular senescence compared with controls. CONCLUSIONS: This study reveals that FGFR2 splicing mediated by hnRNP H1 promotes EC senescence and atherosclerosis via an FGF2–FGFR2-IIIc autocrine loop. These findings identify FGFR2-IIIc as a potential therapeutic target for age-related atherosclerosis.