Biodegradable Piezoelectric‐Conductive Integrated Hydrogel Scaffold for Repair of Osteochondral Defects

Abstract Osteochondral injury is a prevalent condition for which no specific treatment is currently available. This study presents a piezoelectric‐conductive scaffold composed of a piezoelectric cartilage‐decellularized extracellular matrix (dECM) and piezoelectric‐conductive modified gelatin (Gel‐PC). The piezoelectricity of the scaffold is achieved through the modification of diphenylalanine (FF) assembly on the pore surface, while the conductive properties of scaffold are achieved by the incorporating poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene). In vitro experiments demonstrate that bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) undergo biphasic division during differentiation. In vivo studies using a Parma pig model of osteochondral defects demonstrate that the piezoelectric‐conductive scaffold exhibits superior reparative efficacy. Notably, the generation of electrical stimulation is linked to joint movement. During joint activity, mechanical forces compress the scaffold, leading to deformation and the subsequent generation of an electric potential difference. The positive charges accumulated on the upper layer of the scaffold attract BMSCs, promoting their migration to the upper layer and chondrogenic differentiation. Meanwhile, the negative charges in the lower layer induce the osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs. Overall, this piezoelectric‐conducive scaffold provides a promising platform for the effective repair of osteochondral defects.