Epidemiological characteristics of heatstroke in China, 2010–2023: a longitudinal study based on a national heatstroke surveillance system

Background: Heatstroke causes numerous pathophysiological changes and can lead to death. Extreme heat events have been increasing in frequency, duration, and intensity worldwide in recent decades and are causing growing public health concern. However, epidemiological studies of heatstroke are limited in number and scope, and have had relatively small sample sizes. To better understand the epidemiological characteristics of heatstroke and advance evidence-based prevention and control strategies, we conducted an observational study of reported heatstroke cases in China. Methods: Cases included in this study were patients clinically diagnosed with heatstroke during the study period of 2010-2023, reported through a dedicated heatstroke surveillance system established by China CDC. We used descriptive statistical methods to determine the epidemiological characteristics of heatstroke in China. Findings: 1·2400-1·2755), respectively. The male:female ratio was 2·49:1; males exhibited a higher risk of suffering from heatstroke and having greater disease severity than females. Interpretation: Our study provides a clear profile of heatstroke cases, and highlights differences by population, region, and time of year. Results inform formulation of evidence-based strategies for enhanced heatstroke preparedness and response, such as enhancing public health early warning systems, prioritizing protection for vulnerable groups, and advancing localized interventions for risk communication and clinical management. Funding: Public Health Talent Program of China's National Disease Control and Prevention Administration.