Preparation and biological properties of BCZT/TiO2 electrokinetic conversion coating on titanium surface in vitro for dental implants

Titanium implants have the risk of loosening or even failure, especially the force generated by chewing is not conducive to the use of conventional titanium bioactive coatings in the oral environment. In this work, a BCZT/TiO2 bio-piezoelectric coating was prepared on titanium surface. The force generated by chewing is cleverly converted into the piezoelectric charge on the coating surface, and the formation of the combination of implant and alveolar bone is accelerated by its promoting effect on bone repair. The formation mechanism of the coating was studied. The BCZT/TiO2 bio-piezoelectric coating showed good piezoelectric properties. The calcium deposition results of BCZT/TiO2 coating with static, physiological loading and low-frequency ultrasonic conditions were compared. Interestingly, the effect of polarized BCZT/TiO2 coating applied with low-intensity pulsed ultrasound on promoting calcium deposition was similar to that applied with physiological loading, suggesting that low-intensity pulsed ultrasound has the potential to stimulate piezoelectric effects. In addition, the BCZT/TiO2 coating was non-toxic and has good biocompatibility and bioactivity. The polarized BCZT/TiO2 coating showed the best proliferation results, and the osteoblast adhesion morphology on the coating surface was extended. The results provide data support for the application of titanium bio-piezoelectric coating on dental implants.