Rational design and synthesis of metal–organic frameworks derivatives: A perspective on emerging techniques

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) derivatives have received extensive attentions owing to some advantages like the tunable porosity, well-exposed active sites, large surface area and high water/thermal stability. However, the conventional synthesis methods (pyrolysis in tube/muffle furnace and hydrothermal/solvothermal methods) of MOFs derivatives usually suffered from high energy consumption, long time, high risk and tedious operation steps, which hindered the further development. At present, some emerging ultrafast synthesis techniques like laser-induced heating, joule heating, microwave heating, plasma heating and magnetic-induced heating are applied to solve the above-mentioned problems. In this review, the state-of-the-art advances of various emerging synthesis methods of MOFs derivatives are introduced systematically. The relationships between physical–chemical properties of MOFs derivatives and various emerging synthesis techniques are clarified. Furthermore, the corresponding applications of MOFs derivatives prepared by the emerging techniques were introduced. Finally the challenges and perspectives of the emerging synthesis methods of MOFs derivatives are proposed. This work provides new insights of various emerging synthesis techniques for rational design and synthesis of MOFs derivatives.