Lead-free all-inorganic halide perovskite quantum dots: review and outlook

Halide perovskite is attracting significant attention in optoelectronic because of its unique properties. Lead-free halide perovskites, in particular, have been studied intensively for their nontoxicity. In addition to the attention given to lead-free halide perovskites, the manufacture of these materials on a quantum scale has also received considerable attention due to the quantum confinement effect. This review discusses the current status of lead-free, all-inorganic halide perovskite quantum dots (LFAIHP QDs). First, synthetic methods for producing quantum dots are introduced; then materials are discussed with a focus on tin, bismuth, antimony, copper-based and double perovskite quantum dots. The properties of these materials-such as their physical structure, optical properties, electrical properties, and stability-are discussed. The application of these materials for solar cells, light-emitting diodes, photodetectors, photocatalysts, and memory devices are also examined. Finally, the limitations of LFAIHP QDs, possible methods to overcome them and prospects for these materials in the future are provided.