Trigonelline Inhibits Inflammation and Protects β Cells to Prevent Fetal Growth Restriction during Pregnancy in a Mouse Model of Diabetes

<b><i>Background:</i></b> As an active component from traditional Chinese medicine, trigonelline has a protective effect on diabetes. This study evaluated the protective effects of trigonelline on diabetic mice during pregnancy. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> Diabetes was induced in female mice by intraperitoneal injection for continuous 5-day of 40 mg/kg/day streptozotocin. Female mice were divided into 4 groups after they were allowed to mate with normal male mice: nondiabetic, nondiabetic treated with trigonelline (70 mg/kg) for 18 days, diabetic, and diabetic treated with trigonelline (70 mg/kg). <b><i>Results:</i></b> Diabetic pregnant mice had significantly higher levels of blood glucose, serum total cholesterol, triglyceride, insulin, and leptin but lower serum omentin-1 level and insulin sensitivity index than the nondiabetic ones. Trigonelline improved the hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, and adipocytokine of diabetic pregnant mice. Diabetic pregnant mice had significantly reduced fetus numbers, fetal weight, and fetal/placental ratio, which were reversed by trigonelline. Trigonelline prevented the increase in proinflammatory cytokines and reduced interleukin-10 level in placenta of diabetic pregnant mice. Trigonelline increased β-cell replication and the decreased β-cell mass, and decreased the β-cell apoptosis of diabetic pregnant mice. <b><i>Conclusion:</i></b> These findings suggest that trigonelline protects diabetic pregnancy partly by suppressing inflammation, regulating the secretion of adipocytokines, increasing β-cell mass, replication, and decreasing β-cell apoptosis.