Integrated control of Trialeurodes vaporariorum using Cordyceps javanica and Encarsia formosa in a greenhouse setting

To evaluate the feasibility and application potential of integrating the entomopathogenic fungus Cordyceps javanica IJ-tg19 with the parasitoid Encarsia formosa for controlling Trialeurodes vaporariorum, we first assessed their compatibility and then conducted greenhouse trials to compare the efficacy of single versus combined applications. The results showed that C. javanica exerted a modest effect on the egg hatch of E. formosa; however, hatchability remained above 80%, indicating acceptable compatibility between the two agents. Application of the IJ-tg19 conidial suspension (1 × 10⁶ spores mL−¹) alone significantly reduced T. vaporariorum population density. The application of E. formosa alone yielded a maximum control efficacy of 41.15%. The combined treatment provided stronger suppression under low initial infestation conditions. Overall, these findings suggest that the combined use of C. javanica and E. formosa may be promising for the early-stage management of T. vaporariorum in greenhouse systems.