Efficient yet stable large perovskite solar modules made using surface treatment

Non-uniformities in the layer of passivator molecules, which are used to fix defects and protect the surface of perovskite material in solar cells, can limit the durability of the resulting modules. Large modules treated instead with chemically stable lead carboxylate passivators were efficient, reliable and had a higher yield than did commercial silicon modules. Solar modules treated with lead carboxylate passed the standard test of photovoltaic reliability and had a high yield.