Nanoconfinement-induced high-rate performance of hard carbon for densified sodium cluster storage

nanoconfinement induction with the filling stage achieving their controllable densification through enhanced micropore confinement. This further validates and reinforces the new adsorption-intercalation-pore filling mechanism for sodium cluster densification. This work highlights nanoconfinement induction for high-rate hard carbon anodes, promoting the application of sodium-ion batteries in large-scale energy storage systems.