Interface Reconstruction Driven by Lesion Effects: The Synergistic Mechanism of Surfactant Self-Assembly in Pesticide Droplet Deposition

Surfactants play a crucial role in enhancing pesticide wetting; however, their effectiveness is influenced by pathogen-induced interfacial heterogeneity, such as the presence of hydrophobic and hydrophilic microdomains, particularly in the context of apple rust. Conventional homogeneous surfactant strategies lack the adaptability required to effectively address these dynamically changing interfaces. This study synthesizes insights from interfacial dynamics and plant pathology to elucidate the adaptive interactions of AEO-series nonionic surfactants with rust-infected leaves. Initially, small spherical micelles (AEO-4/AEO-5) effectively penetrate hydrophobic barriers, facilitating the delivery of pesticides to mesophyll cells. Subsequently, rod-shaped micelles (AEO-6/AEO-7) infiltrate spore tubules through capillary action, forming isolation membranes that impede pathogen dissemination. The evolution of the "penetration-coverage-targeting" gradient enhances the efficiency of pesticide delivery while minimizing environmental impact. Surfactants, adjusted by their ethylene oxide (EO) number, are strategically combined at different stages (e.g., AEO-4 early and AEO-7 later) to achieve an optimal balance between penetration and persistence. By integrating micelle morphology, droplet dynamics, and disease progression, we develop a multiscale framework for surfactant-mediated pesticide transport. The interplay between interfacial chemistry and pathology facilitates the advancement of intelligent agrochemical design, providing sustainable strategies for disease management.