Novel enabling strategies for oral peptide delivery

Oral peptide delivery market grows with a double-digit annual rate fueled by advancements in drug delivery and the increasing prevalence of chronic diseases. Nonetheless, the successful delivery of peptides through the gastrointestinal tract encounters numerous challenges, such as enzymatic degradation, poor stability, limited permeability, and low oral bioavailability. This review examines the challenges associated with oral peptide delivery and providing a novel perspective into potential strategies to enable oral peptide therapeutics, highlighting the promising roles of 3D printing technology, hydrophobic ion pairing, and self-nano emulsifying drug delivery systems (SNEDDS).