Nanoscale Metal–Organic Frameworks Combined with Metal Nanoparticles and Metal Oxide/Peroxide to Relieve Tumor Hypoxia for Enhanced Photodynamic Therapy

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a clinically approved noninvasive tumor therapy that can selectively kill malignant tumor cells, with promising use in the treatment of various cancers. PDT is typically composed of three important parts: the specific wavelength of light, photosensitizer (PS), and oxygen. With the progressing investigation on PDT treatment, the most recent attention has focused on improving photodynamic efficiency. Tumor hypoxia has always been a critical factor hindering the efficacy of PDT. Nanoscale metal–organic frameworks (nMOF), the fourth generation of PS, present great potential in photodynamic therapy. In particular, nMOF combined with metal nanoparticles and metal oxide/peroxide has demonstrated unique properties for enhanced PDT. The metal and metal oxide nanoparticles can catalyze H2O2 to generate oxygen or automatically produces oxygen, alleviating the hypoxia and improving the photodynamic efficiency. Metal peroxide nanoparticles can spontaneously produce oxygen in water or under acidic conditions. Therefore, this Review summarizes the recent development of nMOF combined with metal nanoparticles (platinum nanoparticles and gold nanoparticles) and metal oxide/peroxide (manganese dioxide, ferric oxide, cerium oxide, calcium peroxide, and magnesium peroxide) for enhanced photodynamic therapy by alleviating tumor hypoxia. Finally, future perspectives of nMOF combined nanomaterials in PDT are put forward.