High-resolution ultrasound of the supra- and infraclavicular levels of the brachial plexus including the axillary nerve: imaging anatomy based on multiplanar reconstructions and technical guide

The diagnosis of peripheral nerve injuries remains challenging. Electromyography and nerve conduction studies do not allow precise localization of the lesion and differentiation between lesions in continuity and non-continuity in cases with complete axonotmesis. Improved ultrasound technology allows the examination of almost the entire peripheral nervous system. The complex sono-anatomy of the brachial plexus outside of the standard scanning planes makes it difficult to access this region.