Shoulder Conditions: Glenohumeral Joint Osteoarthritis and Adhesive Capsulitis.

Glenohumeral joint osteoarthritis (OA) and adhesive capsulitis are two common causes of shoulder pain. The glenohumeral joint is the third most common large joint affected by OA. Studies have shown that 16% to 20% of adults older than 65 years have radiographic signs of glenohumeral joint OA. Management of shoulder OA starts with conservative therapies, including oral drugs, injections, and physical therapy. Joint replacement can be considered if conservative measures are not effective. Adhesive capsulitis, also known as frozen shoulder, is estimated to affect 2% to 5% of the population and is seen most often in patients between ages 40 and 65 years. The exact causal mechanism of adhesive capsulitis is unknown but risk factors include diabetes and thyroid disease. Adhesive capsulitis is thought to follow a set of clinical stages. It ultimately is self-limited, although some patients experience residual effects. Management starts with conservative therapies, including oral drugs, injections, and physical therapy. Surgical management can be considered if conservative measures are not effective.