A review on the separators of liquid electrolyte Li-ion batteries

This paper reviews the separators used in liquid electrolyte Li-ion batteries. According to the structure and composition of the membranes, the battery separators can be broadly divided as three groups: (1) microporous polymer membranes, (2) non-woven fabric mats and (3) inorganic composite membranes. The microporous polymer membranes are characterised by their thinness and thermal shutdown properties. The non-woven mats have high porosity and a low cost, while the composite membranes have excellent wettability and exceptional thermal stability. The manufacture, characteristics, performance and modifications of these separators are introduced and discussed. Among numerous battery separators, the thermal shutdown and ceramic separators are of special importance in enhancing the safety of Li-ion batteries. The former consists of either a polyethylene (PE)–polypropylene (PP) multilayer structure or a PE–PP blend which increases safety by allowing meltdown of the PE to close the ionic conduction pathways at a temperature below that at which thermal runway occurs. Whereas the latter comprises nano-size ceramic materials coated on two sides of a flexible and highly porous non-woven matrix which enhances the safety by retaining extremely stable dimensions even at very high temperatures to prevent the direct contact of the electrodes.