Nafion–Titanate Nanotube Composite Membranes for PEMFC Operating at High Temperature

Nafion–titanate nanotube composites were investigated as electrolytes for proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) operating at high temperature . With the addition of of nanotubes to the ionomer, PEMFC performance can be significantly sustained for up to . The polarization curves of PEMFCs using the composite electrolytes reflect a competing effect between an increase in water uptake due to the extremely large surface area of the nanotubes and a decrease in proton conductivity of the composites.