Design and Simulation of Terahertz Antennas for Biomedical Sensing: A Comprehensive Performance Analysis

Terahertz (THz) antennas are increasingly recognized for their transformative potential in biomedical applications, owing to their ability to interact with biological tissues without inducing ionizing effects. This paper presents a comprehensive analytical study of THz antenna systems, emphasizing design architectures, modelling methodologies, simulation protocols, and key performance indicators such as gain, radiation efficiency, and specific absorption rate (SAR). Optimization strategies are explored through advanced material engineering and the integration of machine learning techniques to enhance antenna performance and adaptability. The relevance of these antennas is demonstrated across diverse biomedical domains, including high-resolution medical imaging, non-invasive diagnostic sensing, and wearable health monitoring systems, highlighting their pivotal role in nextgeneration healthcare technologies.