RVG-targeted extracellular vesicles loaded with echinatin attenuate dopaminergic neurodegeneration via the IGF-2/PI3K/Akt pathway in Parkinson’s disease mice

This study demonstrates that RVG-EVs@Echi represents a safe, noninvasive, and effective nanotherapeutic platform for targeted brain delivery in PD. By activating the IGF-2/PI3K/Akt/Nrf2 neuroprotective pathway and modulating the gut-brain metabolic axis, this targeted delivery system presents a highly promising and translatable strategy for the treatment of PD and other neurodegenerative diseases.