Senecavirus a VP2 protein orchestrates PRDX1 degradation through dual autophagy pathways: macroautophagy and chaperone-mediated autophagy

Co-adaptation between viruses and autophagy has equipped viruses with diverse strategies to regulate host redox homeostasis, thereby facilitating viral replication. However, the mechanisms by which viruses manipulate PRDX1 (peroxiredoxin 1), a key antioxidative enzyme, via autophagy remain poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate that infection by Senecavirus A (SVA), an emerging picornavirus, induces PRDX1 degradation, and that PRDX1 negatively regulates viral replication. Decreased PRDX1 expression impairs cellular antioxidant defenses, leading to enhanced reactive oxygen species generation that facilitates SVA replication. Screening of viral proteins revealed that SVA VP1, VP2, and 3A induce PRDX1 degradation through vesicle formation-dependent macroautophagy. Notably, viral VP2 can also recruit HSPA8/HSC70 to specifically target PRDX1, directing it for degradation via LAMP2A-mediated chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA). Collectively, these findings demonstrate that the SVA VP2 protein plays a central role in orchestrating both macroautophagy- and CMA-mediated PRDX1 degradation, establishing PRDX1 as a potential intervention target for countering SVA infection.Abbreviations: AKT/protein kinase B: AKT serine/threonine kinase; ATP: adenosine triphosphate; BHK-21: baby hamster kidney-21; CAT: catalase; CCCP: BMDMs: bone marrow-derived macrophages; CMA: chaperone-mediated autophagy; co-IP: co-immunoprecipitation; CCCP: carbonyl cyanide 3-chlorophenylhydrazone; CQ: chloroquine; DCFH-DA: 2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate; DMSO: dimethyl sulfoxide; GFP: green fluorescent protein; GPX: glutathione peroxidase; GSH: glutathione; HEK-293T: human embryonic kidney 293T; hpi: hours post-infection; HSPA8/HSC70: heat shock protein family A (Hsp70) member 8; KO: knockout; LAMP2A: lysosomal associated membrane protein 2A; MAP1LC3/LC3: microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3; Mdivi-1: mitochondrial division inhibitor-1; mM: millimole; MMP: mitochondrial membrane potential; mPTP: mitochondrial permeability transition pore; MTOR: mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase; NAC: N-acetylcysteine; PI3K: phosphoinositide 3-kinase; PRDX1: peroxiredoxin 1; RT-qPCR: real-time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction; ROS: reactive oxygen species; SD: standard deviation; SOD: superoxide dismutase; SQSTM1: sequestosome 1; SVA: Senecavirus A; TIMM23: translocase of inner mitochondrial membrane 23; TOMM20: translocase of outer mitochondrial membrane 20; WT: wild-type; μg: microgram; μm: micrometer; μM: micromolar.