C–N–Co–O tuning of the cobalt d-band center in hierarchical carbon frameworks for high-yield electrosynthesis of H 2 O 2 in seawater

A CoN 2 O 3 single-atom catalyst on spherical graphite shifts the d-band center down via N-to-O ligand exchange, optimizing *OOH adsorption and suppressing competitive Cl − adsorption for highly efficient 2e − -ORR H 2 O 2 production in seawater.