Photocatalytic hydrogenolysis of C–O bonds in lignin model compounds and lignin bio-oil over Ru-supported holey g-C 3 N 4 exfoliated nanosheets

Thermally exfoliated Ru/ECNHS enabled efficient photocatalytic valorization of α-O-4, β-O-4, and 4-O-5 C–O linkages in lignin-derived aryl ethers and native lignin into value-added hydrocarbons and oxygenates.